The US Supreme Court has paused President Donald Trump's administration from deporting Venezuelan men in immigration custody.
The men's lawyers argued they were at imminent risk of removal without the judicial review previously mandated by the justices.
"The Government is directed not to remove any member of the putative class of detainees from the United States until further order of this Court," the justices said in a brief, unsigned decision.
Conservative Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito publicly dissented from the decision, issued around 12.55am on Saturday.
Lawyers for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed urgent requests on Friday in multiple courts, including the Supreme Court, urging immediate action after reporting that some of the men had already been loaded onto buses and were told they were to be deported.
The ACLU said the rapid developments meant the administration was poised to deport the men using a 1798 law that historically has been employed only in wartime without affording them a realistic opportunity to contest their removal — as the Supreme Court had required.
The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the Supreme Court decision.
The case raises questions about Mr Trump's administration's adherence to limits set by the Supreme Court.
It carries the risk of a significant clash between the two coequal branches of government and potentially a full-blown constitutional crisis.
Elected last year on a promise to crack down on migrants, Mr Trump invoked the 1798 Alien Enemies Act in an attempt to swiftly deport accused members of Tren de Aragua, a criminal gang originating from Venezuelan prisons that his administration labels a terrorist group.
The president and his senior aides have asserted their executive power grants them wide authority on immigration matters, testing the balance of power between branches of government.
Battle plays out in several courts
During a hearing on Friday, a government lawyer said in a related case that he was unaware of plans by the Department of Homeland Security to deport the men on Friday but there could be deportations on Saturday.
Mr Trump scored one victory on Friday when an appeals court put on hold a threat by District Judge James Boasberg of contempt charges.
Judge Boasberg also denied an ACLU request to block Mr Trump from deporting suspected members of Tren de Aragua, citing an April 7 Supreme Court ruling that allowed Mr Trump to use the Alien Enemies Act, albeit with certain limits.
The district judge said he was concerned the government would deport additional people as soon as Saturday but that, "at this point I just don't think I have the power to do anything about it."
Mr Trump previously called for Judge Boasberg's impeachment following an adverse ruling, prompting a rare rebuke from US Chief Justice John Roberts.
While one hearing played out in Boasberg's court, the ACLU worked on a separate track to halt the deportations of Venezuelans held in Texas.
ACLU lawyers filed with the Supreme Court after failing to get a rapid response from earlier filings on Friday before US District Judge James Hendrix in Abilene, Texas, and the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans to block any such deportations.
In Saturday's order, the Supreme Court invited the administration to file a response to the ACLU's request after the 5th Circuit acts.
The ACLU said the men had been handed forms indicating they were classified as members of Tren de Aragua.
At issue is whether the Trump administration has met the Supreme Court's standard for providing the detainees due process before sending them to another country — possibly to the notorious prison in El Salvador where others are jailed.
It was unclear on Friday how many people were potentially to be deported, and where they might be taken.
How much notice is enough?
Their deportation would be the first since the Supreme Court's 5-4 ruling that allowed removals under the 1798 law while specifying that "the notice must be afforded within a reasonable time and in such a manner as will allow them to actually seek habeas relief in the proper venue before such removal occurs."
Habeas corpus relief refers to the right of detainees to challenge the legality of their detention. It is considered a bedrock right under US law.
The Supreme Court did not indicate how much notice should be provided.
Lawyers around the country have asked that the migrants be given 30 days' notice to allow them to contest their deportations.
The Trump administration has not said publicly how much notice it intends to give the migrants.
Asked about the planned deportations on Friday, Mr Trump said he was unfamiliar with the particular case but added: "If they're bad people, I would certainly authorise it."
"That's why I was elected. A judge wasn't elected," he told reporters at the White House.
Defense lawyers and Democrats in Congress have pressed the administration to demonstrate how it knows the Venezuelans are members of the gang, which is active in human trafficking and other crimes in South America but has a smaller US presence.
"We are not going to reveal the details of counter terrorism operations, but we are complying with the Supreme Court's ruling," Assistant Secretary for US Homeland Security Tricia McLaughlin said in a statement on Friday.
Reuters
